Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

Upgrade Your Life with Smart Home Solutions

Transform your home into a smart living space with our Smart Home Solutions! Our (1) _______ systems combine the perfect blend of technology and comfort, giving you complete control over your environment.

Our devices, (2) _______ smart lights and thermostats, are connected through a central hub, which allows you to manage everything with just a tap on your phone. Control your home by (3) _______ your voice, even when you're miles (4) _______, and enjoy the convenience of automation.

We also offer eco-friendly solutions to reduce energy consumption. Smart plugs and appliances that are switched off automatically save electricity and lower your bills. With our easy-to-install systems, you’ll be able to (5) _______ decisions about your energy use and enjoy (6) _______.

Join the smart home revolution today, and reap the benefits of technology tailored to your needs.

Make your home smarter, greener, and more connected!

(Adapted from Eastern Peak)

Question 1. A. innovative B. innovation C. innovate D. innovatively

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

Upgrade Your Life with Smart Home Solutions

Transform your home into a smart living space with our Smart Home Solutions! Our (1) _______ systems combine the perfect blend of technology and comfort, giving you complete control over your environment.

Our devices, (2) _______ smart lights and thermostats, are connected through a central hub, which allows you to manage everything with just a tap on your phone. Control your home by (3) _______ your voice, even when you're miles (4) _______, and enjoy the convenience of automation.

We also offer eco-friendly solutions to reduce energy consumption. Smart plugs and appliances that are switched off automatically save electricity and lower your bills. With our easy-to-install systems, you’ll be able to (5) _______ decisions about your energy use and enjoy (6) _______.

Join the smart home revolution today, and reap the benefits of technology tailored to your needs.

Make your home smarter, greener, and more connected!

(Adapted from Eastern Peak)

Question 2. A. include B. to include C. including D. which including

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

Upgrade Your Life with Smart Home Solutions

Transform your home into a smart living space with our Smart Home Solutions! Our (1) _______ systems combine the perfect blend of technology and comfort, giving you complete control over your environment.

Our devices, (2) _______ smart lights and thermostats, are connected through a central hub, which allows you to manage everything with just a tap on your phone. Control your home by (3) _______ your voice, even when you're miles (4) _______, and enjoy the convenience of automation.

We also offer eco-friendly solutions to reduce energy consumption. Smart plugs and appliances that are switched off automatically save electricity and lower your bills. With our easy-to-install systems, you’ll be able to (5) _______ decisions about your energy use and enjoy (6) _______.

Join the smart home revolution today, and reap the benefits of technology tailored to your needs.

Make your home smarter, greener, and more connected!

(Adapted from Eastern Peak)

Question 3. A. using B. to use C. used D. to using

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

Upgrade Your Life with Smart Home Solutions

Transform your home into a smart living space with our Smart Home Solutions! Our (1) _______ systems combine the perfect blend of technology and comfort, giving you complete control over your environment.

Our devices, (2) _______ smart lights and thermostats, are connected through a central hub, which allows you to manage everything with just a tap on your phone. Control your home by (3) _______ your voice, even when you're miles (4) _______, and enjoy the convenience of automation.

We also offer eco-friendly solutions to reduce energy consumption. Smart plugs and appliances that are switched off automatically save electricity and lower your bills. With our easy-to-install systems, you’ll be able to (5) _______ decisions about your energy use and enjoy (6) _______.

Join the smart home revolution today, and reap the benefits of technology tailored to your needs.

Make your home smarter, greener, and more connected!

(Adapted from Eastern Peak)

Question 4. A. by B. away C. to D. with

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

Upgrade Your Life with Smart Home Solutions

Transform your home into a smart living space with our Smart Home Solutions! Our (1) _______ systems combine the perfect blend of technology and comfort, giving you complete control over your environment.

Our devices, (2) _______ smart lights and thermostats, are connected through a central hub, which allows you to manage everything with just a tap on your phone. Control your home by (3) _______ your voice, even when you're miles (4) _______, and enjoy the convenience of automation.

We also offer eco-friendly solutions to reduce energy consumption. Smart plugs and appliances that are switched off automatically save electricity and lower your bills. With our easy-to-install systems, you’ll be able to (5) _______ decisions about your energy use and enjoy (6) _______.

Join the smart home revolution today, and reap the benefits of technology tailored to your needs.

Make your home smarter, greener, and more connected!

(Adapted from Eastern Peak)

Question 5. A. do B. make C. get D. take

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

Upgrade Your Life with Smart Home Solutions

Transform your home into a smart living space with our Smart Home Solutions! Our (1) _______ systems combine the perfect blend of technology and comfort, giving you complete control over your environment.

Our devices, (2) _______ smart lights and thermostats, are connected through a central hub, which allows you to manage everything with just a tap on your phone. Control your home by (3) _______ your voice, even when you're miles (4) _______, and enjoy the convenience of automation.

We also offer eco-friendly solutions to reduce energy consumption. Smart plugs and appliances that are switched off automatically save electricity and lower your bills. With our easy-to-install systems, you’ll be able to (5) _______ decisions about your energy use and enjoy (6) _______.

Join the smart home revolution today, and reap the benefits of technology tailored to your needs.

Make your home smarter, greener, and more connected!

(Adapted from Eastern Peak)

Question 6. A. more a efficient lifestyle B. efficient a more lifestyle

C. a more efficient lifestyle D. a more lifestyle efficient

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Protect Our Forests!

Forests are essential for our planet. They cover about 31% of the Earth's land. (7) _____ forests, we have clean air and a home for many animals. However, the (8) _______ of trees is decreasing fast. Each year, millions of trees are cut down for wood and paper.
```
We can help! By reducing waste and recycling, we can save trees. For example, you can use (9) ______ sides of paper and buy recycled products. If we work together, we can make a big difference.

Remember, every little action (10) ______! Let's protect our forests so future generations can enjoy their beauty. Join local groups or volunteer in tree-planting activities. Together, we can make a change!

Let’s take action and not just (11) ______. With your help, we can ensure that forests continue to (12) ______ for years to come. Much depends on our efforts, so let’s start today!

(Adapted from https://fastercapital.com/topics/forests,-grasslands,-deserts,-and-wetlands.html)

Question 7. A. Thanks to B. In the light of C. With regard to D. According to

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Protect Our Forests!

Forests are essential for our planet. They cover about 31% of the Earth's land. (7) _____ forests, we have clean air and a home for many animals. However, the (8) _______ of trees is decreasing fast. Each year, millions of trees are cut down for wood and paper.
```
We can help! By reducing waste and recycling, we can save trees. For example, you can use (9) ______ sides of paper and buy recycled products. If we work together, we can make a big difference.

Remember, every little action (10) ______! Let's protect our forests so future generations can enjoy their beauty. Join local groups or volunteer in tree-planting activities. Together, we can make a change!

Let’s take action and not just (11) ______. With your help, we can ensure that forests continue to (12) ______ for years to come. Much depends on our efforts, so let’s start today!

(Adapted from https://fastercapital.com/topics/forests,-grasslands,-deserts,-and-wetlands.html)

Question 8. A. amount B. number C. quality D. level

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Protect Our Forests!

Forests are essential for our planet. They cover about 31% of the Earth's land. (7) _____ forests, we have clean air and a home for many animals. However, the (8) _______ of trees is decreasing fast. Each year, millions of trees are cut down for wood and paper.
```
We can help! By reducing waste and recycling, we can save trees. For example, you can use (9) ______ sides of paper and buy recycled products. If we work together, we can make a big difference.

Remember, every little action (10) ______! Let's protect our forests so future generations can enjoy their beauty. Join local groups or volunteer in tree-planting activities. Together, we can make a change!

Let’s take action and not just (11) ______. With your help, we can ensure that forests continue to (12) ______ for years to come. Much depends on our efforts, so let’s start today!

(Adapted from https://fastercapital.com/topics/forests,-grasslands,-deserts,-and-wetlands.html)

Question 9. A. another B. much C. each D. both

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Protect Our Forests!

Forests are essential for our planet. They cover about 31% of the Earth's land. (7) _____ forests, we have clean air and a home for many animals. However, the (8) _______ of trees is decreasing fast. Each year, millions of trees are cut down for wood and paper.
```
We can help! By reducing waste and recycling, we can save trees. For example, you can use (9) ______ sides of paper and buy recycled products. If we work together, we can make a big difference.

Remember, every little action (10) ______! Let's protect our forests so future generations can enjoy their beauty. Join local groups or volunteer in tree-planting activities. Together, we can make a change!

Let’s take action and not just (11) ______. With your help, we can ensure that forests continue to (12) ______ for years to come. Much depends on our efforts, so let’s start today!

(Adapted from https://fastercapital.com/topics/forests,-grasslands,-deserts,-and-wetlands.html)

Question 10. A. escapes B. happens C. counts D. provides

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Protect Our Forests!

Forests are essential for our planet. They cover about 31% of the Earth's land. (7) _____ forests, we have clean air and a home for many animals. However, the (8) _______ of trees is decreasing fast. Each year, millions of trees are cut down for wood and paper.
```
We can help! By reducing waste and recycling, we can save trees. For example, you can use (9) ______ sides of paper and buy recycled products. If we work together, we can make a big difference.

Remember, every little action (10) ______! Let's protect our forests so future generations can enjoy their beauty. Join local groups or volunteer in tree-planting activities. Together, we can make a change!

Let’s take action and not just (11) ______. With your help, we can ensure that forests continue to (12) ______ for years to come. Much depends on our efforts, so let’s start today!

(Adapted from https://fastercapital.com/topics/forests,-grasslands,-deserts,-and-wetlands.html)

Question 11. A. pull down B. sit back C. take over D. make up

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Protect Our Forests!

Forests are essential for our planet. They cover about 31% of the Earth's land. (7) _____ forests, we have clean air and a home for many animals. However, the (8) _______ of trees is decreasing fast. Each year, millions of trees are cut down for wood and paper.
```
We can help! By reducing waste and recycling, we can save trees. For example, you can use (9) ______ sides of paper and buy recycled products. If we work together, we can make a big difference.

Remember, every little action (10) ______! Let's protect our forests so future generations can enjoy their beauty. Join local groups or volunteer in tree-planting activities. Together, we can make a change!

Let’s take action and not just (11) ______. With your help, we can ensure that forests continue to (12) ______ for years to come. Much depends on our efforts, so let’s start today!

(Adapted from https://fastercapital.com/topics/forests,-grasslands,-deserts,-and-wetlands.html)

Question 12. A. diminish B. deteriorate C. thrive D. shorten

Mark the letter A, B, or C on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 13.

a. Hoa: Yes, I tried learning it last year, but I found it a bit challenging.
b. Mai: Have you ever learned how to play the guitar?
c. Mai: I understand. It takes time, but it’s worth the effort once you get the hang of it.

(Adapted from Global Success)

A. b-a-c B. a-b-c C. c-b-a D. a-c-b

Mark the letter A, B, or C on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 14.

a. Mark: I was thinking about that new Italian place downtown. I’ve heard their pasta is amazing.
b. Jenny: Ooh, Italian sounds perfect! Should we make a reservation just in case?
c. Mark: Hey Jenny, do you feel like going out for dinner tonight?
d. Mark: Good idea, I’ll call them now. Let’s aim for 7 PM?
e. Jenny: That sounds great! Do you have any place in mind?

(Adapted from I Learn Smart World)

A. c-e-a-b-d B. c-b-e-a-d C. b-c-a-e-d D. a-c-b-e-d

Mark the letter A, B, or C on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 15.

a. You know, we ought to practise together for some time. What do you think?
b. Thanks so much for the guitar lesson videos you sent me last week.
c. Hi Gemma, it was interesting to watch these videos.
d. Thanks also for the tip about the free websites with musical lesson videos — they are much better than the sites I’ve been following.
e. It’s really nice to learn how to play a new instrument like the guitar, but I am too busy at the moment, so I’m
focusing on my violin lessons for now. Write back soon.
Billy

(Adapted from I Learn Smart World)
A. b-a-d-e-c B. e-a-d-b-c C. c-b-a-d-e D. d-e-b-c-a

Mark the letter A, B, or C on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 16.

a. My activities are inspired and our effect becomes greater when we collaborate with environmentally conscious people.
b. While educating the community and organizing workshops are vital, participating in local events for outreach is a small trade-off.
c. My passion for environmental stewardship has led me to a fulfilling career in sustainable living advocacy.
d. In the end, I'm proud to promote a way of life that benefits both people and the environment.
e. Lately, I have thrived in my role at a green living organization, where I promote zero-waste practices.

(Adapted from Move on)
A. c-e-a-b-d B. a-d-b-c-e C. c-b-d-a-e D. b-a-c-d-e

Mark the letter A, B, or C on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 17.

a. The town’s shopping district has also expanded, with new stores and cafes opening along Main Street.
b. Over the past few years, Hillcrest has changed drastically, with rapid growth and new businesses setting up.
c. However, the expansion has led to rising property prices, making it harder for longtime residents to afford living in the area.
d. This economic boom has attracted young professionals, leading to an increase in demand for housing and entertainment options.
e. Despite these improvements, Hillcrest still lacks basic facilities like a community center or hospital, which residents have long requested.

(Adapted from I Learn Smart World)
A. b-d-a-c-e B. b-a-d-c-e C. d-b-a-e-c D. a-b-e-c-d

**

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.**

Everyone has suffered from a cold at one time or another. (18) ______, most people simply end up taking some form of over-the-counter medication. The scary thing is that some of the medicines taken to treat cold symptoms may actually be counter-productive. For example, aspirin appears to be the perfect drug to take to fight headaches and throat inflammation, but the truth is (19) ______.

Some researchers believe that using aspirin to treat colds can increase the amount of virus you shed through nasal secretions. That means you could potentially (20) ______. Moreover, aspirin may suppress some of our immune responses and cause our noses to become even stuffier.

Several studies have also linked aspirin to the development of a condition called Reye’s syndrome when used to treat children suffering from colds or flu. This condition is rare but serious, (21) ______. It often affects the brain or liver, causing major organ damage and in very severe cases, death. (22) ______. Colds themselves may not harm us permanently, but the way we treat cold symptoms could. That means if you’re unsure about taking or administering certain medication, you should consult a doctor. It could save a life.
(Adapted from Reading for the real world 3)

Question 18.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.**

Everyone has suffered from a cold at one time or another. (18) ______, most people simply end up taking some form of over-the-counter medication. The scary thing is that some of the medicines taken to treat cold symptoms may actually be counter-productive. For example, aspirin appears to be the perfect drug to take to fight headaches and throat inflammation, but the truth is (19) ______.

Some researchers believe that using aspirin to treat colds can increase the amount of virus you shed through nasal secretions. That means you could potentially (20) ______. Moreover, aspirin may suppress some of our immune responses and cause our noses to become even stuffier.

Several studies have also linked aspirin to the development of a condition called Reye’s syndrome when used to treat children suffering from colds or flu. This condition is rare but serious, (21) ______. It often affects the brain or liver, causing major organ damage and in very severe cases, death. (22) ______. Colds themselves may not harm us permanently, but the way we treat cold symptoms could. That means if you’re unsure about taking or administering certain medication, you should consult a doctor. It could save a life.
(Adapted from Reading for the real world 3)

Question 19.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.**

Everyone has suffered from a cold at one time or another. (18) ______, most people simply end up taking some form of over-the-counter medication. The scary thing is that some of the medicines taken to treat cold symptoms may actually be counter-productive. For example, aspirin appears to be the perfect drug to take to fight headaches and throat inflammation, but the truth is (19) ______.

Some researchers believe that using aspirin to treat colds can increase the amount of virus you shed through nasal secretions. That means you could potentially (20) ______. Moreover, aspirin may suppress some of our immune responses and cause our noses to become even stuffier.

Several studies have also linked aspirin to the development of a condition called Reye’s syndrome when used to treat children suffering from colds or flu. This condition is rare but serious, (21) ______. It often affects the brain or liver, causing major organ damage and in very severe cases, death. (22) ______. Colds themselves may not harm us permanently, but the way we treat cold symptoms could. That means if you’re unsure about taking or administering certain medication, you should consult a doctor. It could save a life.
(Adapted from Reading for the real world 3)

Question 20.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.**

Everyone has suffered from a cold at one time or another. (18) ______, most people simply end up taking some form of over-the-counter medication. The scary thing is that some of the medicines taken to treat cold symptoms may actually be counter-productive. For example, aspirin appears to be the perfect drug to take to fight headaches and throat inflammation, but the truth is (19) ______.

Some researchers believe that using aspirin to treat colds can increase the amount of virus you shed through nasal secretions. That means you could potentially (20) ______. Moreover, aspirin may suppress some of our immune responses and cause our noses to become even stuffier.

Several studies have also linked aspirin to the development of a condition called Reye’s syndrome when used to treat children suffering from colds or flu. This condition is rare but serious, (21) ______. It often affects the brain or liver, causing major organ damage and in very severe cases, death. (22) ______. Colds themselves may not harm us permanently, but the way we treat cold symptoms could. That means if you’re unsure about taking or administering certain medication, you should consult a doctor. It could save a life.
(Adapted from Reading for the real world 3)

Question 21.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.**

Everyone has suffered from a cold at one time or another. (18) ______, most people simply end up taking some form of over-the-counter medication. The scary thing is that some of the medicines taken to treat cold symptoms may actually be counter-productive. For example, aspirin appears to be the perfect drug to take to fight headaches and throat inflammation, but the truth is (19) ______.

Some researchers believe that using aspirin to treat colds can increase the amount of virus you shed through nasal secretions. That means you could potentially (20) ______. Moreover, aspirin may suppress some of our immune responses and cause our noses to become even stuffier.

Several studies have also linked aspirin to the development of a condition called Reye’s syndrome when used to treat children suffering from colds or flu. This condition is rare but serious, (21) ______. It often affects the brain or liver, causing major organ damage and in very severe cases, death. (22) ______. Colds themselves may not harm us permanently, but the way we treat cold symptoms could. That means if you’re unsure about taking or administering certain medication, you should consult a doctor. It could save a life.
(Adapted from Reading for the real world 3)

Question 22.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

Animals are primed to be wary through natural selection rather than scary television shows, but like humans, they often make mistakes when watching out for threats.

Identifying stealthy predators is already a difficult task. From the perspective of a songbird, a harmless crow flying overhead may look similar to a raptor. But predator identification is made more challenging by the fact that prey animals often juggle multiple activities like foraging, keeping an eye on competitors and courting mates, all at the same time.

This can be made easier by working as a group. Members of a school of fish, flock of birds or herd of antelope can share the task of watching out for predators. When an animal detects a predator, they share this information with other group members directly, by producing a warning, or inadvertently, by preparing to flee. The group as whole can then respond by fleeing, hiding or adopting a defensive position.

But this information is not always reliable. When predators are harder to identify, perhaps because they are well camouflaged, an animal may be more likely to mistake unrelated sounds or movements for a predator. Research found that bumblebees were more likely to produce false alarms having previously been exposed to highly camouflaged goldenrod crab spiders than bees that were unaccustomed to them.

Some species are instead simply more vulnerable to predators than others. This can be because they are not fast enough to escape a close encounter or not equipped to fight a predator off. For these species, ignoring a true alarm is more likely to result in death, so it may be beneficial to follow a "better-safe-than-sorry" principle and pay the cost of being occasionally wrong. Willow tits produce alarm calls in response to most large aerial objects including planes and crows. This is because they are typically hunted in ambush attacks in which they are unlikely to escape. So the costs of alarm calling at a few planes becomes dwarfed by the threat of being killed in an attack.

(Adapted from https://www.thesouthafrican.com/animals/why-prey-animals-often-see-threats)

Question 23. The word them in paragraph 1 refers to ________

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

Animals are primed to be wary through natural selection rather than scary television shows, but like humans, they often make mistakes when watching out for threats.

Identifying stealthy predators is already a difficult task. From the perspective of a songbird, a harmless crow flying overhead may look similar to a raptor. But predator identification is made more challenging by the fact that prey animals often juggle multiple activities like foraging, keeping an eye on competitors and courting mates, all at the same time.

This can be made easier by working as a group. Members of a school of fish, flock of birds or herd of antelope can share the task of watching out for predators. When an animal detects a predator, they share this information with other group members directly, by producing a warning, or inadvertently, by preparing to flee. The group as whole can then respond by fleeing, hiding or adopting a defensive position.

But this information is not always reliable. When predators are harder to identify, perhaps because they are well camouflaged, an animal may be more likely to mistake unrelated sounds or movements for a predator. Research found that bumblebees were more likely to produce false alarms having previously been exposed to highly camouflaged goldenrod crab spiders than bees that were unaccustomed to them.

Some species are instead simply more vulnerable to predators than others. This can be because they are not fast enough to escape a close encounter or not equipped to fight a predator off. For these species, ignoring a true alarm is more likely to result in death, so it may be beneficial to follow a "better-safe-than-sorry" principle and pay the cost of being occasionally wrong. Willow tits produce alarm calls in response to most large aerial objects including planes and crows. This is because they are typically hunted in ambush attacks in which they are unlikely to escape. So the costs of alarm calling at a few planes becomes dwarfed by the threat of being killed in an attack.

(Adapted from https://www.thesouthafrican.com/animals/why-prey-animals-often-see-threats)

Question 24. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 3 as the group sharing the task of watching out for predators?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

Animals are primed to be wary through natural selection rather than scary television shows, but like humans, they often make mistakes when watching out for threats.

Identifying stealthy predators is already a difficult task. From the perspective of a songbird, a harmless crow flying overhead may look similar to a raptor. But predator identification is made more challenging by the fact that prey animals often juggle multiple activities like foraging, keeping an eye on competitors and courting mates, all at the same time.

This can be made easier by working as a group. Members of a school of fish, flock of birds or herd of antelope can share the task of watching out for predators. When an animal detects a predator, they share this information with other group members directly, by producing a warning, or inadvertently, by preparing to flee. The group as whole can then respond by fleeing, hiding or adopting a defensive position.

But this information is not always reliable. When predators are harder to identify, perhaps because they are well camouflaged, an animal may be more likely to mistake unrelated sounds or movements for a predator. Research found that bumblebees were more likely to produce false alarms having previously been exposed to highly camouflaged goldenrod crab spiders than bees that were unaccustomed to them.

Some species are instead simply more vulnerable to predators than others. This can be because they are not fast enough to escape a close encounter or not equipped to fight a predator off. For these species, ignoring a true alarm is more likely to result in death, so it may be beneficial to follow a "better-safe-than-sorry" principle and pay the cost of being occasionally wrong. Willow tits produce alarm calls in response to most large aerial objects including planes and crows. This is because they are typically hunted in ambush attacks in which they are unlikely to escape. So the costs of alarm calling at a few planes becomes dwarfed by the threat of being killed in an attack.

(Adapted from https://www.thesouthafrican.com/animals/why-prey-animals-often-see-threats)

Question 25. The phrase "in response to" in paragraph 5 is OPPOSITE in meaning to _______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

Animals are primed to be wary through natural selection rather than scary television shows, but like humans, they often make mistakes when watching out for threats.

Identifying stealthy predators is already a difficult task. From the perspective of a songbird, a harmless crow flying overhead may look similar to a raptor. But predator identification is made more challenging by the fact that prey animals often juggle multiple activities like foraging, keeping an eye on competitors and courting mates, all at the same time.

This can be made easier by working as a group. Members of a school of fish, flock of birds or herd of antelope can share the task of watching out for predators. When an animal detects a predator, they share this information with other group members directly, by producing a warning, or inadvertently, by preparing to flee. The group as whole can then respond by fleeing, hiding or adopting a defensive position.

But this information is not always reliable. When predators are harder to identify, perhaps because they are well camouflaged, an animal may be more likely to mistake unrelated sounds or movements for a predator. Research found that bumblebees were more likely to produce false alarms having previously been exposed to highly camouflaged goldenrod crab spiders than bees that were unaccustomed to them.

Some species are instead simply more vulnerable to predators than others. This can be because they are not fast enough to escape a close encounter or not equipped to fight a predator off. For these species, ignoring a true alarm is more likely to result in death, so it may be beneficial to follow a "better-safe-than-sorry" principle and pay the cost of being occasionally wrong. Willow tits produce alarm calls in response to most large aerial objects including planes and crows. This is because they are typically hunted in ambush attacks in which they are unlikely to escape. So the costs of alarm calling at a few planes becomes dwarfed by the threat of being killed in an attack.

(Adapted from https://www.thesouthafrican.com/animals/why-prey-animals-often-see-threats)

Question 26. The word dwarfed in paragraph 5 could be best replaced by ________.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

Animals are primed to be wary through natural selection rather than scary television shows, but like humans, they often make mistakes when watching out for threats.

Identifying stealthy predators is already a difficult task. From the perspective of a songbird, a harmless crow flying overhead may look similar to a raptor. But predator identification is made more challenging by the fact that prey animals often juggle multiple activities like foraging, keeping an eye on competitors and courting mates, all at the same time.

This can be made easier by working as a group. Members of a school of fish, flock of birds or herd of antelope can share the task of watching out for predators. When an animal detects a predator, they share this information with other group members directly, by producing a warning, or inadvertently, by preparing to flee. The group as whole can then respond by fleeing, hiding or adopting a defensive position.

But this information is not always reliable. When predators are harder to identify, perhaps because they are well camouflaged, an animal may be more likely to mistake unrelated sounds or movements for a predator. Research found that bumblebees were more likely to produce false alarms having previously been exposed to highly camouflaged goldenrod crab spiders than bees that were unaccustomed to them.

Some species are instead simply more vulnerable to predators than others. This can be because they are not fast enough to escape a close encounter or not equipped to fight a predator off. For these species, ignoring a true alarm is more likely to result in death, so it may be beneficial to follow a "better-safe-than-sorry" principle and pay the cost of being occasionally wrong. Willow tits produce alarm calls in response to most large aerial objects including planes and crows. This is because they are typically hunted in ambush attacks in which they are unlikely to escape. So the costs of alarm calling at a few planes becomes dwarfed by the threat of being killed in an attack.

(Adapted from https://www.thesouthafrican.com/animals/why-prey-animals-often-see-threats)

Question 27. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 2?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

Animals are primed to be wary through natural selection rather than scary television shows, but like humans, they often make mistakes when watching out for threats.

Identifying stealthy predators is already a difficult task. From the perspective of a songbird, a harmless crow flying overhead may look similar to a raptor. But predator identification is made more challenging by the fact that prey animals often juggle multiple activities like foraging, keeping an eye on competitors and courting mates, all at the same time.

This can be made easier by working as a group. Members of a school of fish, flock of birds or herd of antelope can share the task of watching out for predators. When an animal detects a predator, they share this information with other group members directly, by producing a warning, or inadvertently, by preparing to flee. The group as whole can then respond by fleeing, hiding or adopting a defensive position.

But this information is not always reliable. When predators are harder to identify, perhaps because they are well camouflaged, an animal may be more likely to mistake unrelated sounds or movements for a predator. Research found that bumblebees were more likely to produce false alarms having previously been exposed to highly camouflaged goldenrod crab spiders than bees that were unaccustomed to them.

Some species are instead simply more vulnerable to predators than others. This can be because they are not fast enough to escape a close encounter or not equipped to fight a predator off. For these species, ignoring a true alarm is more likely to result in death, so it may be beneficial to follow a "better-safe-than-sorry" principle and pay the cost of being occasionally wrong. Willow tits produce alarm calls in response to most large aerial objects including planes and crows. This is because they are typically hunted in ambush attacks in which they are unlikely to escape. So the costs of alarm calling at a few planes becomes dwarfed by the threat of being killed in an attack.

(Adapted from https://www.thesouthafrican.com/animals/why-prey-animals-often-see-threats)

Question 28. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

Animals are primed to be wary through natural selection rather than scary television shows, but like humans, they often make mistakes when watching out for threats.

Identifying stealthy predators is already a difficult task. From the perspective of a songbird, a harmless crow flying overhead may look similar to a raptor. But predator identification is made more challenging by the fact that prey animals often juggle multiple activities like foraging, keeping an eye on competitors and courting mates, all at the same time.

This can be made easier by working as a group. Members of a school of fish, flock of birds or herd of antelope can share the task of watching out for predators. When an animal detects a predator, they share this information with other group members directly, by producing a warning, or inadvertently, by preparing to flee. The group as whole can then respond by fleeing, hiding or adopting a defensive position.

But this information is not always reliable. When predators are harder to identify, perhaps because they are well camouflaged, an animal may be more likely to mistake unrelated sounds or movements for a predator. Research found that bumblebees were more likely to produce false alarms having previously been exposed to highly camouflaged goldenrod crab spiders than bees that were unaccustomed to them.

Some species are instead simply more vulnerable to predators than others. This can be because they are not fast enough to escape a close encounter or not equipped to fight a predator off. For these species, ignoring a true alarm is more likely to result in death, so it may be beneficial to follow a "better-safe-than-sorry" principle and pay the cost of being occasionally wrong. Willow tits produce alarm calls in response to most large aerial objects including planes and crows. This is because they are typically hunted in ambush attacks in which they are unlikely to escape. So the costs of alarm calling at a few planes becomes dwarfed by the threat of being killed in an attack.

(Adapted from https://www.thesouthafrican.com/animals/why-prey-animals-often-see-threats)

Question 29. In which paragraph does the writer point out the identifying predators’ difficulty in distinguishing flying predators?

A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

Animals are primed to be wary through natural selection rather than scary television shows, but like humans, they often make mistakes when watching out for threats.

Identifying stealthy predators is already a difficult task. From the perspective of a songbird, a harmless crow flying overhead may look similar to a raptor. But predator identification is made more challenging by the fact that prey animals often juggle multiple activities like foraging, keeping an eye on competitors and courting mates, all at the same time.

This can be made easier by working as a group. Members of a school of fish, flock of birds or herd of antelope can share the task of watching out for predators. When an animal detects a predator, they share this information with other group members directly, by producing a warning, or inadvertently, by preparing to flee. The group as whole can then respond by fleeing, hiding or adopting a defensive position.

But this information is not always reliable. When predators are harder to identify, perhaps because they are well camouflaged, an animal may be more likely to mistake unrelated sounds or movements for a predator. Research found that bumblebees were more likely to produce false alarms having previously been exposed to highly camouflaged goldenrod crab spiders than bees that were unaccustomed to them.

Some species are instead simply more vulnerable to predators than others. This can be because they are not fast enough to escape a close encounter or not equipped to fight a predator off. For these species, ignoring a true alarm is more likely to result in death, so it may be beneficial to follow a "better-safe-than-sorry" principle and pay the cost of being occasionally wrong. Willow tits produce alarm calls in response to most large aerial objects including planes and crows. This is because they are typically hunted in ambush attacks in which they are unlikely to escape. So the costs of alarm calling at a few planes becomes dwarfed by the threat of being killed in an attack.

(Adapted from https://www.thesouthafrican.com/animals/why-prey-animals-often-see-threats)

Question 30. In which paragraph does the writer mention previous awareness of predators causes them to make mistakes?

A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4

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**

Read the following passage about green living and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.**

(I) Green living, often referred to as sustainable living, encourages individuals to adopt environmentally friendly practices in their daily lives. (II) This lifestyle includes reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and promoting eco-friendly habits, which collectively help to minimize the negative impact on the environment (Davies & Mulligan, 2017). (III) Although green living requires effort and adjustment, its benefits for the planet and future generations are substantial. (IV)

One of the fundamental aspects of green living is waste reduction. This can be achieved through practices like recycling, composting, and reducing single-use plastics. According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recycling and composting can significantly decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, which helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution (EPA, 2021). Additionally, adopting reusable items such as water bottles and shopping bags minimizes reliance on plastic, which is crucial for protecting ecosystems and wildlife.

Another key component of green living is energy conservation. Simple changes, like switching to LED light bulbs and using public transportation, can reduce an individual's carbon footprint. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that energy efficiency improvements, if widely implemented, could decrease global energy demand by up to 40% by 2050 (IEA, 2019). By conserving energy, individuals not only lower their utility bills but also contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, which is essential for mitigating climate change.

Green living also involves making conscious choices about the products we consume. This includes opting for sustainably sourced goods, supporting local businesses, and choosing organic produce. Sustainable agriculture practices reduce the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm both the soil and water sources (Smith & Taylor, 2020). By making informed purchases, consumers can support eco-friendly industries and help create a demand for greener alternatives.

(Adapted from The Impact of Green Living by Davies, Mulligan)
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Question 31. Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?
Green living practices are gaining popularity as people become more aware of environmental issues.

A. (I) B. (II) C. (III) D. (IV)

Read the following passage about green living and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.**

(I) Green living, often referred to as sustainable living, encourages individuals to adopt environmentally friendly practices in their daily lives. (II) This lifestyle includes reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and promoting eco-friendly habits, which collectively help to minimize the negative impact on the environment (Davies & Mulligan, 2017). (III) Although green living requires effort and adjustment, its benefits for the planet and future generations are substantial. (IV)

One of the fundamental aspects of green living is waste reduction. This can be achieved through practices like recycling, composting, and reducing single-use plastics. According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recycling and composting can significantly decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, which helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution (EPA, 2021). Additionally, adopting reusable items such as water bottles and shopping bags minimizes reliance on plastic, which is crucial for protecting ecosystems and wildlife.

Another key component of green living is energy conservation. Simple changes, like switching to LED light bulbs and using public transportation, can reduce an individual's carbon footprint. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that energy efficiency improvements, if widely implemented, could decrease global energy demand by up to 40% by 2050 (IEA, 2019). By conserving energy, individuals not only lower their utility bills but also contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, which is essential for mitigating climate change.

Green living also involves making conscious choices about the products we consume. This includes opting for sustainably sourced goods, supporting local businesses, and choosing organic produce. Sustainable agriculture practices reduce the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm both the soil and water sources (Smith & Taylor, 2020). By making informed purchases, consumers can support eco-friendly industries and help create a demand for greener alternatives.

(Adapted from The Impact of Green Living by Davies, Mulligan)
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Question 32. The phrase carbon footprint in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by ____.

A. environmental awareness B. carbon emissions

C. personal waste D. air quality

Read the following passage about green living and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.**

(I) Green living, often referred to as sustainable living, encourages individuals to adopt environmentally friendly practices in their daily lives. (II) This lifestyle includes reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and promoting eco-friendly habits, which collectively help to minimize the negative impact on the environment (Davies & Mulligan, 2017). (III) Although green living requires effort and adjustment, its benefits for the planet and future generations are substantial. (IV)

One of the fundamental aspects of green living is waste reduction. This can be achieved through practices like recycling, composting, and reducing single-use plastics. According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recycling and composting can significantly decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, which helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution (EPA, 2021). Additionally, adopting reusable items such as water bottles and shopping bags minimizes reliance on plastic, which is crucial for protecting ecosystems and wildlife.

Another key component of green living is energy conservation. Simple changes, like switching to LED light bulbs and using public transportation, can reduce an individual's carbon footprint. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that energy efficiency improvements, if widely implemented, could decrease global energy demand by up to 40% by 2050 (IEA, 2019). By conserving energy, individuals not only lower their utility bills but also contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, which is essential for mitigating climate change.

Green living also involves making conscious choices about the products we consume. This includes opting for sustainably sourced goods, supporting local businesses, and choosing organic produce. Sustainable agriculture practices reduce the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm both the soil and water sources (Smith & Taylor, 2020). By making informed purchases, consumers can support eco-friendly industries and help create a demand for greener alternatives.

(Adapted from The Impact of Green Living by Davies, Mulligan)
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Question 33. The word their in paragraph 3 refers to ____.

A. individuals B. LED light bulbs C. utility bills D. carbon emissions

Read the following passage about green living and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.**

(I) Green living, often referred to as sustainable living, encourages individuals to adopt environmentally friendly practices in their daily lives. (II) This lifestyle includes reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and promoting eco-friendly habits, which collectively help to minimize the negative impact on the environment (Davies & Mulligan, 2017). (III) Although green living requires effort and adjustment, its benefits for the planet and future generations are substantial. (IV)

One of the fundamental aspects of green living is waste reduction. This can be achieved through practices like recycling, composting, and reducing single-use plastics. According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recycling and composting can significantly decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, which helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution (EPA, 2021). Additionally, adopting reusable items such as water bottles and shopping bags minimizes reliance on plastic, which is crucial for protecting ecosystems and wildlife.

Another key component of green living is energy conservation. Simple changes, like switching to LED light bulbs and using public transportation, can reduce an individual's carbon footprint. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that energy efficiency improvements, if widely implemented, could decrease global energy demand by up to 40% by 2050 (IEA, 2019). By conserving energy, individuals not only lower their utility bills but also contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, which is essential for mitigating climate change.

Green living also involves making conscious choices about the products we consume. This includes opting for sustainably sourced goods, supporting local businesses, and choosing organic produce. Sustainable agriculture practices reduce the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm both the soil and water sources (Smith & Taylor, 2020). By making informed purchases, consumers can support eco-friendly industries and help create a demand for greener alternatives.

(Adapted from The Impact of Green Living by Davies, Mulligan)
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Question 34. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT a way to reduce waste?

A. Using compost bins B. Recycling plastic

C. Adopting single-use items D. Using reusable shopping bags

Read the following passage about green living and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.**

(I) Green living, often referred to as sustainable living, encourages individuals to adopt environmentally friendly practices in their daily lives. (II) This lifestyle includes reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and promoting eco-friendly habits, which collectively help to minimize the negative impact on the environment (Davies & Mulligan, 2017). (III) Although green living requires effort and adjustment, its benefits for the planet and future generations are substantial. (IV)

One of the fundamental aspects of green living is waste reduction. This can be achieved through practices like recycling, composting, and reducing single-use plastics. According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recycling and composting can significantly decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, which helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution (EPA, 2021). Additionally, adopting reusable items such as water bottles and shopping bags minimizes reliance on plastic, which is crucial for protecting ecosystems and wildlife.

Another key component of green living is energy conservation. Simple changes, like switching to LED light bulbs and using public transportation, can reduce an individual's carbon footprint. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that energy efficiency improvements, if widely implemented, could decrease global energy demand by up to 40% by 2050 (IEA, 2019). By conserving energy, individuals not only lower their utility bills but also contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, which is essential for mitigating climate change.

Green living also involves making conscious choices about the products we consume. This includes opting for sustainably sourced goods, supporting local businesses, and choosing organic produce. Sustainable agriculture practices reduce the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm both the soil and water sources (Smith & Taylor, 2020). By making informed purchases, consumers can support eco-friendly industries and help create a demand for greener alternatives.

(Adapted from The Impact of Green Living by Davies, Mulligan)
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Question 35. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3?

Read the following passage about green living and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.**

(I) Green living, often referred to as sustainable living, encourages individuals to adopt environmentally friendly practices in their daily lives. (II) This lifestyle includes reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and promoting eco-friendly habits, which collectively help to minimize the negative impact on the environment (Davies & Mulligan, 2017). (III) Although green living requires effort and adjustment, its benefits for the planet and future generations are substantial. (IV)

One of the fundamental aspects of green living is waste reduction. This can be achieved through practices like recycling, composting, and reducing single-use plastics. According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recycling and composting can significantly decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, which helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution (EPA, 2021). Additionally, adopting reusable items such as water bottles and shopping bags minimizes reliance on plastic, which is crucial for protecting ecosystems and wildlife.

Another key component of green living is energy conservation. Simple changes, like switching to LED light bulbs and using public transportation, can reduce an individual's carbon footprint. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that energy efficiency improvements, if widely implemented, could decrease global energy demand by up to 40% by 2050 (IEA, 2019). By conserving energy, individuals not only lower their utility bills but also contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, which is essential for mitigating climate change.

Green living also involves making conscious choices about the products we consume. This includes opting for sustainably sourced goods, supporting local businesses, and choosing organic produce. Sustainable agriculture practices reduce the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm both the soil and water sources (Smith & Taylor, 2020). By making informed purchases, consumers can support eco-friendly industries and help create a demand for greener alternatives.

(Adapted from The Impact of Green Living by Davies, Mulligan)
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Question 36. The word mitigating in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ____.

A. worsening B. reducing C. increasing D. ignoring

Read the following passage about green living and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.**

(I) Green living, often referred to as sustainable living, encourages individuals to adopt environmentally friendly practices in their daily lives. (II) This lifestyle includes reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and promoting eco-friendly habits, which collectively help to minimize the negative impact on the environment (Davies & Mulligan, 2017). (III) Although green living requires effort and adjustment, its benefits for the planet and future generations are substantial. (IV)

One of the fundamental aspects of green living is waste reduction. This can be achieved through practices like recycling, composting, and reducing single-use plastics. According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recycling and composting can significantly decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, which helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution (EPA, 2021). Additionally, adopting reusable items such as water bottles and shopping bags minimizes reliance on plastic, which is crucial for protecting ecosystems and wildlife.

Another key component of green living is energy conservation. Simple changes, like switching to LED light bulbs and using public transportation, can reduce an individual's carbon footprint. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that energy efficiency improvements, if widely implemented, could decrease global energy demand by up to 40% by 2050 (IEA, 2019). By conserving energy, individuals not only lower their utility bills but also contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, which is essential for mitigating climate change.

Green living also involves making conscious choices about the products we consume. This includes opting for sustainably sourced goods, supporting local businesses, and choosing organic produce. Sustainable agriculture practices reduce the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm both the soil and water sources (Smith & Taylor, 2020). By making informed purchases, consumers can support eco-friendly industries and help create a demand for greener alternatives.

(Adapted from The Impact of Green Living by Davies, Mulligan)
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Question 37. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

Read the following passage about green living and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.**

(I) Green living, often referred to as sustainable living, encourages individuals to adopt environmentally friendly practices in their daily lives. (II) This lifestyle includes reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and promoting eco-friendly habits, which collectively help to minimize the negative impact on the environment (Davies & Mulligan, 2017). (III) Although green living requires effort and adjustment, its benefits for the planet and future generations are substantial. (IV)

One of the fundamental aspects of green living is waste reduction. This can be achieved through practices like recycling, composting, and reducing single-use plastics. According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recycling and composting can significantly decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, which helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution (EPA, 2021). Additionally, adopting reusable items such as water bottles and shopping bags minimizes reliance on plastic, which is crucial for protecting ecosystems and wildlife.

Another key component of green living is energy conservation. Simple changes, like switching to LED light bulbs and using public transportation, can reduce an individual's carbon footprint. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that energy efficiency improvements, if widely implemented, could decrease global energy demand by up to 40% by 2050 (IEA, 2019). By conserving energy, individuals not only lower their utility bills but also contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, which is essential for mitigating climate change.

Green living also involves making conscious choices about the products we consume. This includes opting for sustainably sourced goods, supporting local businesses, and choosing organic produce. Sustainable agriculture practices reduce the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm both the soil and water sources (Smith & Taylor, 2020). By making informed purchases, consumers can support eco-friendly industries and help create a demand for greener alternatives.

(Adapted from The Impact of Green Living by Davies, Mulligan)
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Question 38. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Read the following passage about green living and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.**

(I) Green living, often referred to as sustainable living, encourages individuals to adopt environmentally friendly practices in their daily lives. (II) This lifestyle includes reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and promoting eco-friendly habits, which collectively help to minimize the negative impact on the environment (Davies & Mulligan, 2017). (III) Although green living requires effort and adjustment, its benefits for the planet and future generations are substantial. (IV)

One of the fundamental aspects of green living is waste reduction. This can be achieved through practices like recycling, composting, and reducing single-use plastics. According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recycling and composting can significantly decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, which helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution (EPA, 2021). Additionally, adopting reusable items such as water bottles and shopping bags minimizes reliance on plastic, which is crucial for protecting ecosystems and wildlife.

Another key component of green living is energy conservation. Simple changes, like switching to LED light bulbs and using public transportation, can reduce an individual's carbon footprint. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that energy efficiency improvements, if widely implemented, could decrease global energy demand by up to 40% by 2050 (IEA, 2019). By conserving energy, individuals not only lower their utility bills but also contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, which is essential for mitigating climate change.

Green living also involves making conscious choices about the products we consume. This includes opting for sustainably sourced goods, supporting local businesses, and choosing organic produce. Sustainable agriculture practices reduce the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm both the soil and water sources (Smith & Taylor, 2020). By making informed purchases, consumers can support eco-friendly industries and help create a demand for greener alternatives.

(Adapted from The Impact of Green Living by Davies, Mulligan)
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Question 39. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Read the following passage about green living and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.**

(I) Green living, often referred to as sustainable living, encourages individuals to adopt environmentally friendly practices in their daily lives. (II) This lifestyle includes reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and promoting eco-friendly habits, which collectively help to minimize the negative impact on the environment (Davies & Mulligan, 2017). (III) Although green living requires effort and adjustment, its benefits for the planet and future generations are substantial. (IV)

One of the fundamental aspects of green living is waste reduction. This can be achieved through practices like recycling, composting, and reducing single-use plastics. According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), recycling and composting can significantly decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, which helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution (EPA, 2021). Additionally, adopting reusable items such as water bottles and shopping bags minimizes reliance on plastic, which is crucial for protecting ecosystems and wildlife.

Another key component of green living is energy conservation. Simple changes, like switching to LED light bulbs and using public transportation, can reduce an individual's carbon footprint. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that energy efficiency improvements, if widely implemented, could decrease global energy demand by up to 40% by 2050 (IEA, 2019). By conserving energy, individuals not only lower their utility bills but also contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, which is essential for mitigating climate change.

Green living also involves making conscious choices about the products we consume. This includes opting for sustainably sourced goods, supporting local businesses, and choosing organic produce. Sustainable agriculture practices reduce the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm both the soil and water sources (Smith & Taylor, 2020). By making informed purchases, consumers can support eco-friendly industries and help create a demand for greener alternatives.

(Adapted from The Impact of Green Living by Davies, Mulligan)
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Question 40. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?